Artificial structures such as sea walls or concrete river embankments are examples of?

Artificial structures such as sea walls or concrete river embankments are examples of?

• A. Greenfield site
• B. Hard engineering
• C. Flood protection
• D. Hydraulic action

Answer: (B)

Hard engineering is about man-made, durable defenses against water. Sea walls and concrete river embankments are built to protect land from coastal or river flooding by carrying and reflecting wave energy or containing water behind a barrier. They use solid materials like concrete and are meant to provide strong, long‑lasting protection, which is why they’re classified as hard engineering. Greenfield site means undeveloped land, not a structure; hydraulic action is a natural erosional process caused by moving water, not a man-made defense; flood protection describes the purpose, but the method’s classification here is hard engineering.

Hard engineering is about man-made, durable defenses against water. Sea walls and concrete river embankments are built to protect land from coastal or river flooding by carrying and reflecting wave energy or containing water behind a barrier. They use solid materials like concrete and are meant to provide strong, long‑lasting protection, which is why they’re classified as hard engineering. Greenfield site means undeveloped land, not a structure; hydraulic action is a natural erosional process caused by moving water, not a man-made defense; flood protection describes the purpose, but the method’s classification here is hard engineering.